Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
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Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America; February 2006; v. 96; no. 1; p. 355-363; DOI: 10.1785/0120050019
© 2006 Seismological Society of America
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Liquefaction Limit during Earthquakes and Underground Explosions: Implications on Ground-Motion Attenuation

Chi-Yuen Wang1, Alex Wong1, Douglas S. Dreger1 and Michael Manga1

1 Department of Earth and Planetary Science
University of California
Berkeley, California 94720


Figure 001
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  		Figure 1. Diagram showing hypocentral distance of liquefaction documented during earthquakes versus earthquake magnitude. Different symbols show data from different sources: squares, Galli (2000); circles, Ambraseys (1988; including data in Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka [1975]); triangles, electronic supplement. Hypocentral distances are calculated from reported epicentral distance and focal depth; if focal depth is not reported, an average focal depth of 10 km is assumed. Solid line shows the liquefaction limit as a function of earthquake magnitude (equation 1); an outlier (in parentheses) has bare minimum information (Ambraseys, 1988) and is not included in the definition of the liquefaction limit. Dashed line shows the extrapolated relation between liquefaction limit and equivalent earthquake magnitude during underground explosions (equation 10).

 

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  		Figure 2. Schematic drawing illustrating the conceptual model of attenuation of the seismic energy with distance. e(r) is the strong-motion energy in a unit volume at hypocentral distance r. At the earthquake source e(r = 0) = E(M), which lies in the plane defined by the axes of earthquake energy E and earthquake magnitude M, and eth is the threshold energy for liquefaction at r = Rmax.

 

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  		Figure 3. (a) Plot of logarithm of Arias intensity against logarithm of PGV of horizontal S waves for the 2004 Parkfield, California, earthquake. Straight line shows the best fit to data (see text). (b) Plot of logarithm of Arias intensity against logarithm of PGV of horizontal S waves for the 2003 San Simeon, California, earthquake. Straight line shows the best fit to data (see text).

 




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