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1 Swiss Seismological Service
ETH
Hoenggerberg
CH 8093 Zurich,
Switzerland
husen{at}sed.ethz.ch
(S.H.,
S.W.)
2 Department of Geology and
Geophysics
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
84103
(R.B.S.)
Coincident with the arrival of low-frequency, large-amplitude surface waves
of the Mw 7.9 Denali fault earthquake (DFE), an
abrupt increase in seismicity was observed in the Yellowstone National Park
region, despite the large epicentral distance of 3100 km. Within the first 24 hr
following the DFE mainshock, we located more than 250 earthquakes,
which occurred throughout the entire Yellowstone National Park region. The
elevated seismicity rate continued for about 30 days and followed a modified
Omori law decay with a P value of 1.02 ± 0.07. For a declustered
earthquake catalog, the seismicity following the 2002 DFE uniquely
stands out with a significance of 30
. The increase in seismicity
occurred over all magnitude bands. In general, we observed that seismicity
following the DFE outlined the spatial pattern of past seismicity
routinely observed in the Yellowstone National Park region. However, we found
significant differences in triggered seismicity inside and outside the caldera.
Earthquakes inside the Yellowstone caldera occurred preferentially as clusters
close to major hydrothermal systems, were of larger magnitude, and seismicity
decayed more rapidly. This suggests that either different trigger mechanisms
were operating inside and outside the caldera or that the crust responded
differently to the same trigger mechanism depending on its different mechanical
state. Compared with other sites that experienced remote earthquake triggering
following the 2002 DFE, Yellowstone showed the most vigorous
earthquake activity. We attribute this to strong directivity effects of the
DFE, which caused relatively large peak dynamic stresses
(0.16–0.22 MPa) in Yellowstone, and to the volcanic nature of
Yellowstone.
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