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Department of Architecture
Kogakuin
University
Nishi-Shinjuku 1-24-2
Tokyo 163-8677,
Japan
hisada{at}cc.kogakuin.ac.jp
(Y.H.)
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Carnegie
Mellon University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
15213
jbielak{at}cmu.edu
(J.B.)
An efficient mathematical method is presented for computing the near-fault strong ground motions in a layered half-space, giving explicit consideration to the static offset due to surface faulting. In addition, the combined effects of "fling step" and "rupture directivity" on the near-fault ground motions are investigated. First, after checking the fault integration in the representation theorem, it is found that when an observation point is close to the fault plane, Green's functions exhibit near singularities, which consist of extremely sharp peaks in a narrow band close to the observation point. Therefore, direct numerical integration becomes quite onerous for computing near-fault ground motions, because the dynamic Green's functions must then be distributed very densely in order to evaluate accurately the effects of the near singularities. Instead, a new form of the representation theorem is introduced, which exploits the property that the dynamic Green's functions can be approximated by the corresponding static Green's functions in the vicinity of the singularities. The modified theorem, which involves the device of adding and subtracting the static Green's functions from the dynamic ones, is the sum of two fault integrations. The first integration involves the difference of the dynamic and the corresponding static Green's functions, while the second contains only the static Green's functions. This formulation requires much less CPU time than the original one when near-fault ground motions are considered, because the near singularities of the dynamic Green's functions in the first integration are completely eliminated by subtracting the static Green's functions. While the second integration does require a densely distributed set of points to capture the near-singular behavior of the static Green's function, it needs to be performed only once, as it is valid for all frequencies. Subtraction of the static Green's functions from the dynamic functions has the added benefit of making the integration over the wavenumber in the determination of the Green's functions much more efficient, especially for surface faulting. This is because the difference of the dynamic and static integrands converges rapidly to zero with increasing wavenumbers, whereas the original integrands diverge in the case of a source point on the free surface.
The proposed methodology is used to investigate the two most important
effects in near-fault ground motions, fling step (e.g.,
Abrahamson, 2001) and rupture
directivity (e.g., Somerville et
al., 1997), by paying special attention to the contribution
of static and dynamic Green's functions. It is found that the fling effects
stem mainly from the second integral in the modified representation theorem,
which involves the static Green's function. The fling effects are dominant in
the slip direction only in the vicinity of the surface fault and are
negligible for buried faults, because the static Green's function attenuates
rapidly with distance from the fault, r, as the order of
(1/r2). Also, more importantly, when an observation point
is located above a buried fault, the medium has to remain continuous, and thus
cannot "fling." By contrast, the directivity effects stem mainly
from the first integral, which involves the dynamic Green's function, and
attenuate much more slowly than the fling, on the order from 1/r to
. The directivity effects are dominant in
the fault-normal direction, especiallyin the forward rupture direction, not
only for the surface fault, but also for the buried fault. Due to the combined
effects of fling and directivity in the vicinity of the surface fault, the
directions of the maximum velocities and displacements are inclined with
respect to the fault plane. On the other hand, when softer surface layers are
added to the medium, the directivity effects become more significant than the
fling effects, because the dynamic Green's functions are more pronounced than
the static ones.
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  R. D. Borcherdt, M. J. S. Johnston, G. Glassmoyer, and C. Dietel Recordings of the 2004 Parkfield Earthquake on the General Earthquake Observation System Array: Implications for Earthquake Precursors, Fault Rupture, and Coseismic Strain Changes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, September 1, 2006; 96(4B): S73 - S89. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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