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zmit Earthquake (M 7.4), North Anatolian Fault
stanbul Technical University
Dept. of Geology
Ayazaga, stanbul, Turkey
(A.B., H.S.A., G.S., Z.Ç., A.D., B.Y.)
Osmangazi University
Dept. of Geology
Eskisehir, Turkey
(E.A.)
Institut de Physique du Globe
Paris, France
(R.A., B.M., J.B.C.)
Southern California Earthquake Center
Los Angeles, California
(T.R., J.R.D., R.H., T.D., S.C., A.T.)
U.S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, California
(T.F., R.L., H.S.)
William Lettis and Associates
Walnut Creek, California
(W.L., J.B.)
Pacific Gas and Electric
San Francisco, California
(W.P.)
Manuscript received 14 November 2000.
The 17 August 1999 zmit earthquake occurred on the northern strand of the North Anatolian fault zone. The earthquake is associated with a 145-km-long surface rupture that extends from southwest of Düzce in the east to west of Hersek delta in the west. Detailed mapping of the surface rupture shows that it consists of five segments separated by releasing step-overs; herein named the Hersek, Karamürsel-Gölcük, zmit-Sapanca Lake, Sapanca-Akyazi, and Karadere segments from west to east, respectively. The Hersek segment, which cuts the tip of a large delta plain in the western end of the rupture zone, has an orientation of N80°. The N70°-80°E-trending Karamürsel-Gölcük segment extends along the linear southern coasts of the zmit Gulf between Karamürsel and Gölcük and produced the 470-cm maximum displacement in Gölcük. The northwest-southeast-striking Gölcük normal fault between the Karamürsel-Gölcük and zmit-Sapanca segments has 2.3-m maximum vertical displacement. The maximum dextral offset along the zmit-Sapanca Lake segment was measured to be about 3.5 m, and its trend varies between N80°E and east-west. The Sapanca-Akyazi segment trends N75°-85°W and expresses a maximum displacement of 5.2 m. The Karadere segment trends N65°E and produced up to 1.5-m maximum displacement. The Karadere and Sapanca-Akyazi segments form fan-shape or splaying ruptures near their eastern ends where the displacement also diminished.
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