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Department of Geophysics
Stanford University, Stanford, CA
94305-2215
E-mail:
patti{at}pangea.stanford.edu
(M.G.)
U.S. Geological Survey
Menlo Park, CA
E-mail:
spudich{at}usgs.gov
(P.S.)
We consider the resolution of parameters, such as strength excess,
y – o, and
slip-weakening distance, dc, related to fault-constitutive
properties, that may be obtained from the analysis of strong-ground motions.
We show that waveform inversion of a synthetic strong-motion-data set from a
hypothetical M 6.5 event resembling the 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake
cannot uniquely resolve both strength excess and dc.
Specifically, we use a new inversion method to find two rupture models, model
A having dc = 0.3 m and high-strength excess, and
model B having dc = 1 m and low-strength excess.
Both models have uniform initial stress and the same moment-rate function and
rupture time distribution, and they produce essentially indistinguishable
ground-motion waveforms in the 0–1.6 Hz frequency band.
These models are indistinguishable because there is a trade-off between strength excess and slip-weakening distance in controlling rupture velocity. However, fracture energy might be relatively stably estimated from waveform inversions. Our Models A and B had very similar fracture energies. If the stress drop is fixed by the slip distribution, the rupture velocity is controlled by fracture energy.
We show that estimates of slip-weakening distance inferred from kinematic inversion models of earthquakes are likely to be biased high due to the effects of spatial and temporal-smoothing constraints applied in such inverse-problem formulations.
Regions of high-strength excess are often used to slow or stop rupture in models of observed earthquakes, but our results indicate that regions of long dc and lower strength excess might alternatively explain the slowing of rupture. One way to constrain dc would be to model ground-motion spectra at frequencies higher than those at which waveform modeling is possible. A second way to discriminate between regions of long dc and large-strength excess might be to assume that dc is long where there are no aftershocks.
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