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OHSAKI RESEARCH INSTITUTE SHIMIZU CORPORATION, FUKOKUSEIMEI BLDG., 2-2-2 UCHISAIWAI-CHYO, CHIYODA-KU, 100, TOKYO, Japan
GEOPHYSICAL INSTITUTE FACULTY OF SCIENCE TOHOKU UNIVERSITY, AOBA-KU, SENDAI-SHI, 980, Japan
NATIONAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR EARTH SCIENCE AND DISASTER PREVENTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY, 3-1, TENNODAI, TSUKUBASHI, IBARAKI-KEN, 305, Japan
Abstract
Seismograms from small events in the southern Kanto region have been recorded by a seismometer installed in a 732-m-deep borehole at Chikura observatory, Japan, where mudstone of early Pliocene age is found from the ground surface to the bottom of the borehole. Strong phases occurring 1.5 
1.6 sec after the S-wave arrival were interpreted as reflections at the ground surface. Ray path directions of the incident S waves were determined from the minimum principal axis of the three-dimensional trajectory ellipsoid, which represents the particle motion for a head wave of S phase. Transverse horizontal SH components were used to estimate the Q–1 value for S waves. Assuming the free surface acted as an 100% reflector for the SH waves and the incident SH phase as an input and the reflected phase as an output, we calculated system functions. The Q–1 value was measured from the transfer characteristics between the incident and the reflected phases in a single seismogram, thus no corrections were necessary for source or site (including instrument) effects. If we applied a power law model, the following relationship was obtained from the regression analyses of 20 events:
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