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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 345 MIDDLEFIELD ROAD, MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA 94025
ERTEC ROCKY MOUNTAIN, INC., 1746 COLE BOULEVARD, GOLDEN, COLORADO 80401
Abstract
Analysis of more than 300 horizontal components of ground acceleration written by the San Fernando earthquake, eight other moderate-to-large California earthquakes, and seven Oroville aftershocks reveal that these acceleration time histories are, to a very good approximation, band-limited white Gaussian noise within the S-wave arrival window; the band limitation is defined by the spectral corner frequency f0 and fmax, the highest frequency passed by the accelerograph or the Earth's attenuation, and the S-wave arrival window is (0 
t – R/ß Td), where R is distance, ß is shear-wave velocity, and Td is the faulting duration. An examination of the root-mean-square acceleration (arms) characteristics of these records for 0 t – R/ß Td in terms of the relation
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where 
is the earthquake stress drop, yields the surprising result that all 16 earthquakes have stress drops, as determined by record values of arms, very nearly equal to 100 bars (within a factor of 2). The source dependence of arms thus depends solely on the parameter 
, which increases only as the one-sixth power of seismic moment for constant stress drop earthquakes. Put another way, model and record arms are in agreement within a factor of 2 approximately 85 per cent of the time for = 100 bars and knowledge of .
On the basis that acceleration time histories are finite-duration, band-limited, white Gaussian noise, for any of which arms is fixed by = 100 bars and , we can estimate the peak accelerations (amax) for all of these records with considerable accuracy (50 per cent or less). The relation is
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where arms is defined above. With less accuracy, this relation fits the peak acceleration set of Hanks and Johnson (1976) as well, again with = 100 bars. At a fixed, close distance, we determine the magnitude dependence of amax to be log amax 
0.30 M for 
, close to that recently determined empirically by Joyner and Boore (1981) for 5.0 M 7.7, their coefficient on M (moment magnitude) being 0.25 ± 0.04. In the model presented here, the magnitude dependence of peak acceleration is a function of faulting duration alone; larger earthquakes have larger peak accelerations because they last longer, not because they are intrinsically more powerful at the high frequencies controlling peak acceleration.
These well-behaved characteristics of high-frequency strong ground motion also suggest that the stress differences which develop in the course of crustal faulting are comparably well behaved, both in the average stress release across the characteristic source dimension and in the spectral composition and distribution of stress differences that develop across smaller dimensions.
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R. A. W. Haddon Earthquake source spectra in eastern North America Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1996; 86(5): 1300 - 1313. [Abstract] [PDF]
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R. A. W. Haddon Use of empirical Green's functions, spectral ratios, and kinematic source models for simulating strong ground motion Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 1996; 86(3): 597 - 615. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. M. Day RMS response of a one-dimensional half-space to SH Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1996; 86(2): 363 - 370. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 T. C. Hanks and T. C. Hanks Small Earthquakes, Tectonic Forces Science, June 5, 1992; 256(5062): 1430 - 1432. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T. C. HANKS and A. C. JOHNSTON Common features of the excitation and propagation of strong ground motion for North American earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 1992; 82(1): 1 - 23. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. M. BOORE and W. B. JOYNER Estimation of ground motion at deep-soil sites in eastern North America Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1991; 81(6): 2167 - 2185. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. HUTCHINGS "Prediction" of strong ground motion for the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake using empirical Green's functions Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1991; 81(5): 1813 - 1837. [Abstract] [PDF]
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L. WENNERBERG Stochastic summation of empirical Green's functions Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1990; 80(6A): 1418 - 1432. [Abstract] [PDF]
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P. G. SOMERVILLE, J. P. MCLAREN, C. K. SAIKIA, and D. V. HELMBERGER The 25 November 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake: Source parameters and the attenuation of strong ground motion Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1990; 80(5): 1118 - 1143. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. J. GIBOWICZ, H.-P. HARJES, and M. SCHAFER Source parameters of seismic events at Heinrich Robert mine, Ruhr Basin, Federal Republic of Germany: Evidence for nondouble-couple events Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 1990; 80(1): 88 - 109. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. K. SINGH, M. ORDAZ, J. G. ANDERSON, M. RODRIGUEZ, R. QUAAS, E. MENA, M. OTTAVIANI, and D. ALMORA Analysis of near-source strong-motion recordings along the Mexican subduction zone Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1989; 79(6): 1697 - 1717. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. M. BOORE and W. B. JOYNER The effect of directivity on the stress parameter determined from ground motion observations Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 1989; 79(6): 1984 - 1988. [PDF]
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M. K. SAVAGE and R. P. MEYER Comment on "Apparent stresses, stress drops, and amplitude ratios of earthquakes preceding and following the 1975 Hawaii MS = 7.2 main shock" by F. R. Zuniga, M. Wyss, and M. E. Wilson Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 1989; 79(4): 1300 - 1304. [PDF]
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T. L. Holzer, T. L. HOLZER, T. C. HANKS, and T. L. YOUD Dynamics of Liquefaction During the 1987 Superstition Hills, California, Earthquake Science, April 7, 1989; 244(4900): 56 - 59. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. H. HARTZELL and T. H. HEATON Failure of self-similarity for large (M{omega} > Formula) earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1988; 78(2): 478 - 488. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. BOATWRIGHT The seismic radiation from composite models of faulting Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1988; 78(2): 489 - 508. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. ROVELLI, O. BONAMASSA, M. COCCO, M. DI BONA, and S. MAZZA Scaling laws and spectral parameters of the ground motion in active extensional areas in Italy Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 1988; 78(2): 530 - 560. [Abstract] [PDF]
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F. SABETTA and A. PUGLIESE Attenuation of peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from italian strong-motion records Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 1987; 77(5): 1491 - 1513. [Abstract] [PDF]
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