| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
SEISMOLOGICAL LABORATORY DIVISION OF GEOLOGICAL AND PLANETARY SCIENCES CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PASADENA, CALIFORNIA 91125
Abstract
Empirical relations involving seismic moment Mo, magnitude MS, energy ES and fault dimension L (or area S) are discussed on the basis of an extensive set of earthquake data (MS 
6) and simple crack and dynamic dislocation models. The relation between log S and log Mo is remarkably linear (slope 
2/3) indicating a constant stress drop 
; = 30, 100 and 60 bars are obtained for inter-plate, intra-plate and "average" earthquakes, respectively. Except for very large earthquakes, the relation MS (2/3) log Mo 2 log L is established by the data. This is consistent with the dynamic dislocation model for point dislocation rise times and rupture times of most earthquakes. For very large earthquakes MS (1/3) log Mo log L (1/3) log ES. For very small earthquakes MS log Mo 3 log L log ES. Scaling rules are assumed and justified. This model predicts log ES 1.5 MS 3 log L which is consistent with the Gutenberg-Richter relation. Since the static energy is proportional to 
L3, where is the average stress, this relation suggests a constant apparent stress 
where is the efficiency. The earthquake data suggest 
. These relations lead to log S MS consistent with the empirical relation. This relation together with a simple geometrical argument explains the magnitude-frequency relation log N – MS.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  A. Christophersen and E. G. C. Smith Foreshock Rates from Aftershock Abundance Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 2008; 98(5): 2133 - 2148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. G. Wesnousky Displacement and Geometrical Characteristics of Earthquake Surface Ruptures: Issues and Implications for Seismic-Hazard Analysis and the Process of Earthquake Rupture Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2008; 98(4): 1609 - 1632. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Hainzl, A. Christophersen, and B. Enescu Impact of Earthquake Rupture Extensions on Parameter Estimations of Point-Process Models Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2008; 98(4): 2066 - 2072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Hillers and S. G. Wesnousky Scaling Relations of Strike-Slip Earthquakes with Different Slip-Rate-Dependent Properties at Depth Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2008; 98(3): 1085 - 1101. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. A. Dalguer, H. Miyake, S. M. Day, and K. Irikura Surface Rupturing and Buried Dynamic-Rupture Models Calibrated with Statistical Observations of Past Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2008; 98(3): 1147 - 1161. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. M. Atkinson Ground-Motion Prediction Equations for Eastern North America from a Referenced Empirical Approach: Implications for Epistemic Uncertainty Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2008; 98(3): 1304 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Hartog, J. Gomberg, S. C. Moran, A. Wright, and K. L. Meagher The 8 October 2006 md 4.5 Cowlitz Chimneys Earthquake in Mount Rainier National Park Seismological Research Letters, March 1, 2008; 79(2): 186 - 193. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. C. Hanks and W. H. Bakun M-logA Observations for Recent Large Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 2008; 98(1): 490 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. C. P. King and S. G. Wesnousky Scaling of Fault Parameters for Continental Strike-Slip Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2007; 97(6): 1833 - 1840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Shoja-Taheri and H. Ghofrani Stochastic Finite-Fault Modeling of Strong Ground Motions from the 26 December 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2007; 97(6): 1950 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. G. Rautian, V. I. Khalturin, K. Fujita, K. G. Mackey, and A. D. Kendall Origins and Methodology of the Russian Energy K-Class System and Its Relationship to Magnitude Scales Seismological Research Letters, November 1, 2007; 78(6): 579 - 590. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Fracassi and G. Valensise Unveiling the Sources of the Catastrophic 1456 Multiple Earthquake: Hints to an Unexplored Tectonic Mechanism in Southern Italy Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2007; 97(3): 725 - 748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Bilek Using Earthquake Source Durations along the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction System to Examine Fault-Zone Variations Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, January 1, 2007; 97(1A): S62 - S70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Hebert, A. Sladen, and F. Schindele Numerical Modeling of the Great 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: Focus on the Mascarene Islands Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, January 1, 2007; 97(1A): S208 - S222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Geist, V. V. Titov, D. Arcas, F. F. Pollitz, and S. L. Bilek Implications of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake on Tsunami Forecast and Assessment Models for Great Subduction-Zone Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, January 1, 2007; 97(1A): S249 - S270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Meneghini and J. C. Moore Deformation and hydrofracture in a subduction thrust at seismogenic depths: The Rodeo Cove thrust zone, Marin Headlands, California GSA Bulletin, January 1, 2007; 119(1-2): 174 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Seyrek, T. Demir, M. S. Pringle, S. Yurtmen, R. W. C. Westaway, A. Beck, and G. Rowbotham Kinematics of the Amanos Fault, southern Turkey, from Ar/Ar dating of offset Pleistocene basalt flows: transpression between the African and Arabian plates Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2007; 290(1): 255 - 284. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. W. Chadwick Jr., D. J. Geist, S. Jonsson, M. Poland, D. J. Johnson, and C. M. Meertens A volcano bursting at the seams: Inflation, faulting, and eruption at Sierra Negra volcano, Galapagos Geology, December 1, 2006; 34(12): 1025 - 1028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Joshi Use of Acceleration Spectra for Determining the Frequency-Dependent Attenuation Coefficient and Source Parameters Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2006; 96(6): 2165 - 2180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Mena, E. Durukal, and M. Erdik Effectiveness of Hybrid Green's Function Method in the Simulation of Near-Field Strong Motion: An Application to the 2004 Parkfield Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, September 1, 2006; 96(4B): S183 - S205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. I. Doser, A. M. Veilleux, C. Flores, and W. A. Brown Changes in Seismic-Moment Rates along the Rupture Zone of the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2006; 96(4A): 1545 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Fay and E. Humphreys Dynamics of the Salton block: Absolute fault strength and crust-mantle coupling in Southern California Geology, April 1, 2006; 34(4): 261 - 264. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Lei Typical phases of pre-failure damage in granitic rocks under differential compression Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 1, 2006; 261(1): 11 - 29. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J. Wilkins and R. A. Schultz 3D Cohesive End-Zone Model for Source Scaling of Strike-Slip Interplate Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2005; 95(6): 2232 - 2258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. B. Rundle, P. B. Rundle, A. Donnellan, D. L. Turcotte, R. Shcherbakov, P. Li, B. D. Malamud, L. B. Grant, G. C. Fox, D. McLeod, et al. A simulation-based approach to forecasting the next great San Francisco earthquake PNAS, October 25, 2005; 102(43): 15363 - 15367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Asano, T. Iwata, and K. Irikura Estimation of Source Rupture Process and Strong Ground Motion Simulation of the 2002 Denali, Alaska, Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 2005; 95(5): 1701 - 1715. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Drouet, A. Souriau, and F. Cotton Attenuation, Seismic Moments, and Site Effects for Weak-Motion Events: Application to the Pyrenees Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 2005; 95(5): 1731 - 1748. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Halldorsson and A. S. Papageorgiou Calibration of the Specific Barrier Model to Earthquakes of Different Tectonic Regions Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2005; 95(4): 1276 - 1300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Kohrs-Sansorny, F. Courboulex, M. Bour, and A. Deschamps A Two-Stage Method for Ground-Motion Simulation Using Stochastic Summation of Small Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2005; 95(4): 1387 - 1400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. G. Bufe and D. M. Perkins Evidence for a Global Seismic-Moment Release Sequence Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2005; 95(3): 833 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Bernardi, J. Braunmiller, and D. Giardini Seismic Moment from Regional Surface-Wave Amplitudes: Applications to Digital and Analog Seismograms Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 2005; 95(2): 408 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Lopez-Pineda and C. J. Rebollar Source Characteristics of the Mw 6.2 Loreto Earthquake of 12 March 2003 that Occurred in a Transform Fault in the Middle of the Gulf of California, Mexico Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 2005; 95(2): 419 - 430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Horton, W.-Y. Kim, and M. Withers The 6 June 2003 Bardwell, Kentucky, Earthquake Sequence: Evidence for a Locally Perturbed Stress Field in the Mississippi Embayment Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 2005; 95(2): 431 - 445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Braunmiller, N. Deichmann, D. Giardini, S. Wiemer, and SED Magnitude Working Group Homogeneous Moment-Magnitude Calibration in Switzerland Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 2005; 95(1): 58 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. R. Johnson and R. M. Nadeau Asperity Model of an Earthquake: Dynamic Problem Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 2005; 95(1): 75 - 108. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kimura and Y. Kakehi Rupture Process of the 2001 Hyogo-ken Hokubu, Japan, Earthquake (Mw 5.2) and Comparison between the Aftershock Activity and the Static Stress Changes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 2005; 95(1): 145 - 158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Ozacar and S. L. Beck The 2002 Denali Fault and 2001 Kunlun Fault Earthquakes: Complex Rupture Processes of Two Large Strike-Slip Events Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2004; 94(6B): S278 - S292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source Parameters and Rupture Velocities of Microearthquakes in Western Nagano, Japan, Determined Using Stopping Phases Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 2004; 94(5): 1762 - 1780.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source Parameter Scaling for Small Earthquakes Observed at the Western Nagano 800-m-Deep Borehole, Central Japan Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, October 1, 2004; 94(5): 1781 - 1794.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fault-segment rupture, aftershock-zone fluid flow, and mineralization Geology, September 1, 2004; 32(9): 813 - 816.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The 14 November 2001 Kokoxili (Kunlunshan), Tibet, Earthquake: Rupture Transfer through a Large Extensional Step-Over Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2004; 94(4): 1173 - 1194.
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Source Study of the Bhuj, India, Earthquake of 26 January 2001 (Mw 7.6) Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2004; 94(4): 1195 - 1206.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inslab Earthquakes of Central Mexico: Q, Source Spectra, and Stress Drop Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2004; 94(3): 789 - 802.
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Shallow Crustal Earthquake Doublet from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (Central Mexico) Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2004; 94(3): 845 - 855.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stochastic Strong Ground-Motion Simulation of the 7 September 1999 Athens (Greece) Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2004; 94(3): 1036 - 1052.
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Wyss, C. G. Sammis, R. M. Nadeau, and S. Wiemer Fractal Dimension and b-Value on Creeping and Locked Patches of the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, California Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, April 1, 2004; 94(2): 410 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. R. Felzer, R. E. Abercrombie, and G. Ekstrom A Common Origin for Aftershocks, Foreshocks, and Multiplets Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 2004; 94(1): 88 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. I. Doser, N. A. Ratchkovski, P. J. Haeussler, and R. Saltus Changes in Crustal Seismic Deformation Rates Associated with the 1964 Great Alaska Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 2004; 94(1): 320 - 325. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rupture Segmentation and Process of the 2001 Mw 7.8 Central Kunlun, China, Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2003; 93(6): 2477 - 2492.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Source Characterization for Broadband Ground-Motion Simulation: Kinematic Heterogeneous Source Model and Strong Motion Generation Area Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2003; 93(6): 2531 - 2545.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Secondary Aftershocks and Their Importance for Aftershock Forecasting Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2003; 93(4): 1433 - 1448.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Earthquakes and Associated Deformation in Northern Baluchistan 1892-2001 Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2003; 93(4): 1573 - 1605.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Asperity Models for Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2003; 93(4): 1792 - 1802.
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Antolik and D. S. Dreger Rupture Process of the 26 January 2001 Mw 7.6 Bhuj, India, Earthquake from Teleseismic Broadband Data Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2003; 93(3): 1235 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Liu, K. Sieh, and E. Hauksson A Structural Interpretation of the Aftershock "Cloud" of the 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2003; 93(3): 1333 - 1344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. M. Beeler, T.-F. Wong, and S. H. Hickman On the Expected Relationships among Apparent Stress, Static Stress Drop, Effective Shear Fracture Energy, and Efficiency Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2003; 93(3): 1381 - 1389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. NIU, M. J. O'HARA, and J. A. PEARCE Initiation of Subduction Zones as a Consequence of Lateral Compositional Buoyancy Contrast within the Lithosphere: a Petrological Perspective J. Petrology, May 1, 2003; 44(5): 851 - 866. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Effect of Shallow San Francisco Bay Sediments on Waveforms Recorded during the MW 4.6 Bolinas, California, Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, February 1, 2003; 93(1): 465 - 479.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fractal Dimensions of Small, Intermediate, and Large Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, December 1, 2002; 92(8): 3318 - 3320.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreshock and Aftershock Sequence of the 1998 M 5.0 Sendai, Northeastern Japan, Earthquake and Its Implications for Earthquake Nucleation Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, August 1, 2002; 92(6): 2465 - 2477.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Seismicity in Deep Gold Mines of South Africa: Implications for Tectonic Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2002; 92(5): 1766 - 1782.
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Bilinear Source-Scaling Model for M-log A Observations of Continental Earthquakes Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, June 1, 2002; 92(5): 1841 - 1846.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stress Triggering of the 1999 Hector Mine Earthquake by Transient Deformation Following the 1992 Landers Earthquake Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, May 1, 2002; 92(4): 1487 - 1496.
|
